For 2010 Americans dream of cosmetic makeovers that tighten abs and leave a brighter smile, rather than those that erase worry lines and lift sagging facial features.
A poll of 2,227 U.S. adults by Harris Interactive on behalf of RealSelf.com found that more than half of all adults (54%) would choose cosmetic work if money wasn’t a concern, and of those who would have work done, the majority (52%) would choose teeth whitening, followed by tummy tuck surgery and liposuction. Not surprisingly, a majority of women (67%), as well as 40% of men said they would also have cosmetic work done.
Few cite Botox as wanted.
In spite of being the most popular cosmetic procedure in the World, just 6% of the survey respondents who would choose cosmetic treatments indicated a desire to get Botox to treat face wrinkles. However the number rises to 15% among women aged 45-54.
Cosmetic Makeover Wishlist Shows Teeth Whitening Most Wanted
If money were not an issue, consumer interest by gender include:
Procedure
% of total
% of women
% of men
Teeth whitening
52
51
55
Tummy tuck 29 39 13
Liposuction 29 34 19
Hair removal 25 31 16
Face lift 14 18 6
Laser skin treatment 13 16 7
Cellulite treatment 12 18 1
Hair replacement 11 5 20
Breast implants 10 15 1
Botox 6 3 8
The survey found the average teeth whiteing cost to be $417.
by Jeff, Medical Spa MD | Filed in Teeth Whitening | Tagged Teeth Whitening Cost, teeth whitening
Tuesday, March 23, 2010
Cheap Teeth Whitening for a Brighter & Whiter Smile
by LadyScarlett
Gone are the days when the only effective way to whiten your teeth was by visiting a dentist's office and enduring a lengthy and sometimes painful procedure. Not to mention that the teeth whitening measures as provided by dental specialists are often very expensive. But within the last decade, cheap teeth whitening has become an affordable reality for consumers who are looking for a bright dazzling smile without having to pay a pretty penny. From a teeth whitening tray to homemade hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening solutions, there are a wide range of low cost but very efficient at home teeth whitening methods. Read on for some ideas, tips and suggestions on how to get the whitest smile and best results on a budget!
Cheap Teeth Whitening
Of all the affordable teeth whitening at home systems available these days, whitening strips are among the most popular and easy to use. A nice benefit is that there are no creams or gels that need to be applied, and the strips themselves help to keep the whitening solution on your teeth, making them more convenient and easier to use. Whitening strips are typically worn for between 30 minutes to an hour at a time, with some systems requiring only five days for optimal results, and other as requiring up to two weeks. Besides being one of the easiest and cheap teeth whitening solutions, whitening strips can also be worn comfortably and discreetly, allowing you to go about your day without taking time out of your schedule just to whiten your teeth. However, one disadvantage is that this type of teeth whitening products can cause a burning or tingling sensation. Some teeth whitening strips overlap upon your gums, which may heighten in this discomfort. Additionally, whitening strips only cover front teeth which means that teeth that are further back in your mouth will not receive a whitening benefit.
They are also cheap teeth whitening trays on the market which give you the benefits of a teeth whitening gel, with the convenience of a tray that holds it in place against your teeth. Your tray may come pre-molded, while others can be gently manipulated to your mouth's unique shape, offering you the best possibility of a brighter smile. These systems are very effective in getting the tooth whitening agents to completely surround each tooth for optimal whitening. However the disadvantage is that again the hydrogen peroxide teeth whitening gel can come in contact with your gums. Additionally, teeth whitening trays are not particularly fun nor comfortable to wear at length, and it does restrict your ability to talk or do other activities while you're whitening your smile.
Another option is to use whitening swaps or tips. To use this method, you work your swap into the whitening powder or gel and then apply it directly to your each tooth. Using this affordable, at home teeth whitening method allows you to place the gel or powder exactly where you want it, and doesn't require you to wear strip or work to keep a teeth whitening tray in place. The disadvantage with this method is that because there's no protective barrier, it may be easier for the whitening solution to wash away from your teeth, so you have to be careful not to speak or do anything that produces too much saliva in your mouth while whitening.
In similar fashion, the hydrogen perioxide teeth whitening method involves mixing a combination of hydrogen peroxide, baking soda, and table salt to create a homemade tooth whitening paste. This is a quick and easy remedy that may not provide results as quickly or pleasantly as ready-made whitening products, but it's an excellent and inexpensive solution for home tooth whitening.
If you're not sure which cheap teeth whitening solution to select, try visiting a site like Drugstore.com. This is an excellent way of getting honest and unbiased reviews and to compare teeth whitening methods. Depending upon the time you'd like to devote to whitening your teeth, and how rapidly you'd like the process to take place, you'll be able to determine which method is just right for you. With these tips and suggestions, you'll be well on your way to that brighter, whiter, and healthier looking smile in just a matter of days!
Gone are the days when the only effective way to whiten your teeth was by visiting a dentist's office and enduring a lengthy and sometimes painful procedure. Not to mention that the teeth whitening measures as provided by dental specialists are often very expensive. But within the last decade, cheap teeth whitening has become an affordable reality for consumers who are looking for a bright dazzling smile without having to pay a pretty penny. From a teeth whitening tray to homemade hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening solutions, there are a wide range of low cost but very efficient at home teeth whitening methods. Read on for some ideas, tips and suggestions on how to get the whitest smile and best results on a budget!
Cheap Teeth Whitening
Of all the affordable teeth whitening at home systems available these days, whitening strips are among the most popular and easy to use. A nice benefit is that there are no creams or gels that need to be applied, and the strips themselves help to keep the whitening solution on your teeth, making them more convenient and easier to use. Whitening strips are typically worn for between 30 minutes to an hour at a time, with some systems requiring only five days for optimal results, and other as requiring up to two weeks. Besides being one of the easiest and cheap teeth whitening solutions, whitening strips can also be worn comfortably and discreetly, allowing you to go about your day without taking time out of your schedule just to whiten your teeth. However, one disadvantage is that this type of teeth whitening products can cause a burning or tingling sensation. Some teeth whitening strips overlap upon your gums, which may heighten in this discomfort. Additionally, whitening strips only cover front teeth which means that teeth that are further back in your mouth will not receive a whitening benefit.
They are also cheap teeth whitening trays on the market which give you the benefits of a teeth whitening gel, with the convenience of a tray that holds it in place against your teeth. Your tray may come pre-molded, while others can be gently manipulated to your mouth's unique shape, offering you the best possibility of a brighter smile. These systems are very effective in getting the tooth whitening agents to completely surround each tooth for optimal whitening. However the disadvantage is that again the hydrogen peroxide teeth whitening gel can come in contact with your gums. Additionally, teeth whitening trays are not particularly fun nor comfortable to wear at length, and it does restrict your ability to talk or do other activities while you're whitening your smile.
Another option is to use whitening swaps or tips. To use this method, you work your swap into the whitening powder or gel and then apply it directly to your each tooth. Using this affordable, at home teeth whitening method allows you to place the gel or powder exactly where you want it, and doesn't require you to wear strip or work to keep a teeth whitening tray in place. The disadvantage with this method is that because there's no protective barrier, it may be easier for the whitening solution to wash away from your teeth, so you have to be careful not to speak or do anything that produces too much saliva in your mouth while whitening.
In similar fashion, the hydrogen perioxide teeth whitening method involves mixing a combination of hydrogen peroxide, baking soda, and table salt to create a homemade tooth whitening paste. This is a quick and easy remedy that may not provide results as quickly or pleasantly as ready-made whitening products, but it's an excellent and inexpensive solution for home tooth whitening.
If you're not sure which cheap teeth whitening solution to select, try visiting a site like Drugstore.com. This is an excellent way of getting honest and unbiased reviews and to compare teeth whitening methods. Depending upon the time you'd like to devote to whitening your teeth, and how rapidly you'd like the process to take place, you'll be able to determine which method is just right for you. With these tips and suggestions, you'll be well on your way to that brighter, whiter, and healthier looking smile in just a matter of days!
Tooth enamel
Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body, and with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major tissues which make up the tooth in vertebrates. Tooth enamel is also found in the dermal denticles of sharks. It is the normally visible dental tissue of a tooth and must be supported by underlying dentin. Ninety-six percent of enamel consists of mineral, with water and organic material composing the rest. The normal color of enamel varies from light yellow to grayish white. At the edges of teeth where there is no dentin underlying the enamel, the color sometimes has a slightly blue tone. Since enamel is semitranslucent, the color of dentin and any restorative dental material underneath the enamel strongly affects the appearance of a tooth. Enamel varies in thickness over the surface of the tooth and is often thickest at the cusp, up to 2.5 mm, and thinnest at its border, which is seen clinically as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).
Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. The large amount of minerals in enamel accounts not only for its strength but also for its brittleness. Tooth enamel ranks 5 on Mohs hardness scale and a Young's modulus of 83 GPa . Dentin, less mineralized and less brittle, 3 4 in hardness, compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support.
Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins. While the role of these proteins is not fully understood, it is believed that they aid in the development of enamel by serving as a framework support, among other functions.
Contents
1 Structure
2 Development
3 Destruction
4 Oral hygiene and fluoride
5 Effects of dental procedures
5.1 Dental restorations
5.2 Acid-etching techniques
5.3 Tooth whitening
6 Systemic conditions affecting enamel
7 In other mammals
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links Structure
The basic unit of enamel is called an enamel rod. Measuring 4 8 m in diameter an enamel rod, formerly called an enamel prism, is a tightly packed mass of hydroxyapatite crystals in an organized pattern. In cross section, it is best compared to a keyhole, with the top, or head, oriented toward the crown of the tooth, and the bottom, or tail, oriented toward the root of the tooth.
The arrangement of the crystals within each enamel rod is highly complex. Both ameloblasts (the cells which initiate enamel formation) and Tomes' processes affect the crystals' pattern. Enamel crystals in the head of the enamel rod are oriented parallel to the long axis of the rod. When found in the tail of the enamel rod, the crystals' orientation diverges slightly from the long axis.
The arrangement of enamel rods is understood more clearly than their internal structure. Enamel rods are found in rows along the tooth, and within each row, the long axis of the enamel rod is generally perpendicular to the underlying dentin. In permanent teeth, the enamel rods near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) tilt slightly toward the root of the tooth. Understanding enamel orientation is very important in restorative dentistry, because enamel unsupported by underlying dentin is prone to fracture.
The area around the enamel rod is known as interrod enamel. Interrod enamel has the same composition as enamel rod, however a histologic distinction is made between the two because crystal orientation is different in each. The border where the crystals of enamel rods and crystals of interrod enamel meet is called the rod sheath.
Striae of Retzius are stripes that appear on enamel when viewed microscopically in cross section. Formed from changes in diameter of Tomes' processes, these stripes demonstrate the growth of enamel, similar to the annual rings on a tree. Perikymata are shallow furrows where the striae of Retzius end. Darker than the other stripes, the neonatal line is a stripe that separates enamel formed before and after birth.
Gnarled enamel is found at the cusps of teeth. Its twisted appearance results from the orientation of enamel rods and the rows in which they lie.
Enamel is covered by various structures in relation to the development of tooth: Nasmyth's membrane or enamel cuticle, structure of embryological origin is composed of keratin which gives rise to the enamel organ . Acquired pellicle, structure acquired after tooth eruption is composed of food debris, calculus, dental plaque (organic film) . Development
Histologic slide showing a developing tooth. The mouth would be in the area of space at the top of the picture.
Enamel formation is part of the overall process of tooth development. When the tissues of the developing tooth are seen under a microscope, different cellular aggregations can be identified, including structures known as the enamel organ, dental lamina, and dental papilla. The generally recognized stages of tooth development are the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and crown, or calcification, stage. Enamel formation is first seen in the crown stage.
Amelogenesis, or enamel formation, occurs after the first establishment of dentin, via cells known as ameloblasts. Human enamel forms at a rate of around 4 m per day, beginning at the future location of cusps, around the third or fourth month of pregnancy. As in all human processes, the creation of enamel is complex, but can generally be divided into two stages. The first stage, called the secretory stage, involves proteins and an organic matrix forming a partially mineralized enamel. The second stage, called the maturation stage, completes enamel mineralization. Histologic slide showing enamel formation
In the secretory stage, ameloblasts are polarized columnar cells. In the rough endoplasmic reticulum of these cells, enamel proteins are released into the surrounding area and contribute to what is known as the enamel matrix, which is then partially mineralized by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. When this first layer is formed, the ameloblasts move away from the dentin, allowing for the development of Tomes' processes at the apical pole of the cell. Enamel formation continues around the adjoining ameloblasts, resulting in a walled area, or pit, that houses a Tomes' process, and also around the end of each Tomes' process, resulting in a deposition of enamel matrix inside of each pit. The matrix within the pit will eventually become an enamel rod, and the walls will eventually become interrod enamel. The only distinguishing factor between the two is the orientation of the calcium phosphate crystals.
In the maturation stage, the ameloblasts transport substances used in the formation of enamel. Histologically, the most notable aspect of this phase is that these cells become striated, or have a ruffled border. These signs demonstrate that the ameloblasts have changed their function from production, as in the secretory stage, to transportation. Proteins used for the final mineralization process compose most of the transported material. The noteworthy proteins involved are amelogenins, ameloblastins, enamelins, and tuftelins. During this process, amelogenins and ameloblastins are removed after use, leaving enamelins and tuftelin in the enamel. By the end of this stage, the enamel has completed its mineralization.
At some point before the tooth erupts into the mouth, but after the maturation stage, the ameloblasts are broken down. Consequently, enamel, unlike many other tissues of the body, has no way to regenerate itself. After destruction of enamel from decay or injury, neither the body nor a dentist can restore the enamel tissue. Enamel can be affected further by non-pathologic processes. The discoloration of teeth over time can result from exposure to substances such as tobacco, coffee, and tea. This is partly due to material building up in the enamel, but is also an effect of the underlying dentin becoming sclerotic. As a result, tooth color gradually darkens with age. Additionally, enamel becomes less permeable to fluids, less soluble to acid, and contains less water. Progress of enamel formation for primary teeth
Amount of enamel formed at birth Enamel mineralization completed Primary
maxillary
tooth
Central incisor
5/6
1.5 months after birth
Lateral incisor
2/3
2.5 months after birth
Canine
1/3
9 months after birth
1st molar
Cusps united; occlusal completely calcified
and 1/2 to 3/4 crown height
6 months after birth
2nd molar
Cusps united; occlusal incompletely calcified;
calcified tissue covers 1/5 to 1 4 crown height
11 months after birth Primary
mandibular
tooth
Central incisor
3/5
2.5 months after birth
Lateral incisor
3/5
3 months after birth
Canine
1/3
9 months after birth
1st molar
Cusps united; occlusal
completely calcified
5.5 months after birth
2nd molar
Cusps united; occlusal
incompletely calcified
10 months after birth Destruction
Destruction of enamel by cervical decay from dental caries
The high mineral content of enamel, which makes this tissue the hardest in the human body, also makes it susceptible to a demineralization process which often occurs as dental caries, otherwise known as cavities. Demineralization occurs for several reasons, but the most important cause of tooth decay is the ingestion of sugars. Tooth cavities are caused when acids dissolve tooth enamel: Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ( s ) + 8H + ( aq ) 10Ca 2+ ( aq ) + 6HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + 2H 2 O( l )
Sugars from candies, soft drinks, and even fruit juices play a significant role in tooth decay, and consequently in enamel destruction. The mouth contains a great number and variety of bacteria, and when sucrose, the most common of sugars, coats the surface of the mouth, some intraoral bacteria interact with it and form lactic acid, which decreases the pH in the mouth. Then, the hydroxylapatite crystals of enamel demineralize, allowing for greater bacterial invasion deeper into the tooth. The most important bacterium involved with tooth decay is Streptococcus mutans , but the number and type of bacteria varies with the progress of tooth destruction.
Furthermore, tooth morphology dictates that the most common site for the initiation of dental caries is in the deep grooves, pits, and fissures of enamel. This is expected because these locations are impossible to reach with a toothbrush and allow for bacteria to reside there. When demineralization of enamel occurs, a dentist can use a sharp instrument, such as a dental explorer, and "feel a stick" at the location of the decay. As enamel continues to become less mineralized and is unable to prevent the encroachment of bacteria, the underlying dentin becomes affected as well. When dentin, which normally supports enamel, is destroyed by a physiologic condition or by decay, enamel is unable to compensate for its brittleness and breaks away from the tooth easily. The effects of bruxism on an anterior tooth, revealing the dentin and pulp which are normally hidden by enamel
The extent to which tooth decay is likely, known as cariogenicity, depends on factors such as how long the sugar remains in the mouth. Contrary to common belief, it is not the amount of sugar ingested but the frequency of sugar ingestion that is the most important factor in the causation of tooth decay. When the pH in the mouth initially decreases from the ingestion of sugars, the enamel is demineralized and left vulnerable for about 30 minutes. Eating a greater quantity of sugar in one sitting does not increase the time of demineralization. Similarly, eating a lesser quantity of sugar in one sitting does not decrease the time of demineralization. Thus, eating a great quantity of sugar at one time in the day is less detrimental than is a very small quantity ingested in many intervals throughout the day. For example, in terms of oral health, it is better to eat a single dessert at dinner time than to snack on a bag of candy throughout the day.
In addition to bacterial invasion, enamel is also susceptible to other destructive forces. Bruxism, also known as clenching of or grinding on teeth, destroys enamel very quickly. The wear rate of enamel, called attrition, is 8 micrometers a year from normal factors. A common misconception is that enamel wears away mostly from chewing, but actually teeth rarely touch during chewing. Furthermore, normal tooth contact is compensated physiologically by the periodontal ligaments (pdl) and the arrangement of dental occlusion. The truly destructive forces are the parafunctional movements, as found in bruxism, which can cause irreversible damage to the enamel.
Other nonbacterial processes of enamel destruction include abrasion (involving foreign elements, such as toothbrushes), erosion (involving chemical processes, such as lemon juice), and possibly abfraction (involving compressive and tensile forces).
Though enamel is described as tough, it has a similar brittleness to glass making it unlike other natural crack-resistant laminate structures such as shell and nacre potentially vulnerable to fracture. In spite of this it can withstand the bite forces as high as 1,000 N many times a day during chewing. This resistance is due in part to the microstructure of enamel which contains processes, enamel tufts, that stabilize the growth of such fractures at the dentinoenamel junction. The configuration of the tooth also acts to reduce the tensile stresses that cause fractures during biting. Oral hygiene and fluoride
Main article: Oral hygiene
Considering the vulnerability of enamel to demineralization and the daily menace of sugar ingestion, prevention of tooth decay is the best way to maintain the health of teeth. Most countries have wide use of toothbrushes, which can reduce the number of bacteria and food particles on enamel. Some isolated societies do not have access to toothbrushes, but it is common for those people to use other objects, such as sticks, to clean their teeth. In between two adjacent teeth, floss is used to wipe the enamel surfaces free of plaque and food particles to discourage bacterial growth. Although neither floss nor toothbrushes can penetrate the deep grooves and pits of enamel, good general oral health habits can usually prevent enough bacterial growth to keep tooth decay from starting. Common dentistry trays filled with fluoride foam
These methods of oral hygiene have been helped greatly by the use of fluoride. Fluoride can be found in many locations naturally, such as the ocean and other water sources. Naturally occurring calcium fluoride is not the same as sodium fluoride, a byproduct of the fertilizer industry and the fluoride that is added to drinking water. The recommended dosage of fluoride in drinking water depends on air temperature; in the U.S. it ranges from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Fluoride catalyzes the diffusion of calcium and phosphate into the tooth surface, which in turn remineralizes the crystalline structures in a dental cavity. The remineralized tooth surfaces contain fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite, which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did. Fluoride therapy is used to help prevent dental decay.
Many groups of people have spoken out against fluoridated drinking water. One example used by these advocates is the damage fluoride can do as fluorosis. Fluorosis is a condition resulting from the overexposure to fluoride, especially between the ages of 6 months to 5 years, and appears as mottled enamel. Consequently the teeth look unsightly, although the incidence of dental decay in those teeth is very small. It is important, however, to note that all substances, even beneficial ones, are detrimental when taken in extreme doses. Where fluoride is found naturally in high concentrations, filters are often used to decrease the amount of fluoride in water. For this reason, codes have been developed by dental professionals to limit the amount of fluoride a person should take. These codes are supported by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. The acute toxic dose of fluoride is ~5 mg/kg of body weight. Furthermore, whereas topical fluoride, found in toothpaste and mouthwashes, does not cause fluorosis, its effects are also less pervasive and not as long-lasting as those of systemic fluoride, such as when drinking fluorinated water. For instance, all of a tooth's enamel gains the benefits of fluoride when it is ingested systemically, through fluoridated water or salt fluoridation (a common alternative in Europe). Only some of the outer surfaces of enamel can be reached by topical fluoride. Thus, despite fluoridation's detractors, most dental health care professionals and organizations agree that the inclusion of fluoride in public water has been one of the most effective methods of decreasing the prevalence of tooth decay. Effects of dental procedures
An X-ray showing enamel and dentin replaced by an amalgam restoration Dental restorations
Most dental restorations involve the removal of enamel. Frequently, the purpose of removal is to gain access to the underlying decay in the dentin or inflammation in the pulp. This is typically the case in amalgam restorations and endodontic treatment.
Nonetheless, enamel can sometimes be removed before there is any decay present. The most popular example is the dental sealant. The process of placing dental sealants in the past involved removing enamel in the deep fissures and grooves of a tooth and replacing it with a restorative material. Presently, it is more common to only remove decayed enamel if present. In spite of this, there are still cases where deep fissures and grooves in enamel are removed in order to prevent decay, and a sealant may or may not be placed depending on the situation. Sealants are unique in that they are preventative restorations for protection from future decay and have shown to reduce the risk of decay by 55% over 7 years.
Aesthetics is another reason for the removal of enamel. Removing enamel is necessary when placing crowns and veneers to enhance the appearance of teeth. In both of these instances, it is important to keep in mind the orientation of enamel rods because it is possible to leave enamel unsupported by underlying dentin, leaving that portion of the prepared teeth more vulnerable to fracture. Acid-etching techniques
Invented in 1955, acid-etching employs dental etchants and is used frequently when bonding dental restoration to teeth. This is important for long-term use of some materials, such as composites and sealants. By dissolving minerals in enamel, etchants remove the outer 10 micrometers on the enamel surface and make a porous layer 5 50 micrometers deep. This roughens the enamel microscopically and results in a greater surface area on which to bond.
The effects of acid-etching on enamel can vary. Important variables are the amount of time the etchant is applied, the type of etchant used, and the current condition of the enamel.
There are three types of patterns formed by acid-etching. Type 1 is a pattern where predominantly the enamel rods are dissolved; type 2 is a pattern where predominantly the area around the enamel rods are dissolved; and type 3 is a pattern where there is no evidence left of any enamel rods. Besides concluding that type 1 is the most favorable pattern and type 3 the least, the explanation for these different patterns is not known for certain but is most commonly attributed to different crystal orientation in the enamel. Tooth whitening
Tooth whitening or tooth bleaching procedures attempt to lighten a tooth's color in either of two ways: by chemical or mechanical action.
Working chemically, a bleaching agent is used to carry out an oxidation reaction in the enamel and dentin. The agents most commonly used to intrinsically change the color of teeth are hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. A tooth whitening product with an overall low pH can put enamel at risk for decay or destruction by demineralization. Consequently, care should be taken and risk evaluated when choosing a product which is very acidic.
Tooth whiteners in toothpastes work through a mechanical action. They have mild abrasives which aid in the removal of stains on enamel. Although this can be an effective method, it does not alter the intrinsic color of teeth.
Microabrasion techniques employ both methods. An acid is used first to weaken the outer 22 27 micrometers of enamel in order to weaken it enough for the subsequent abrasive force. This allows for removal of superficial stains in the enamel. If the discoloration is deeper or in the dentin, this method of tooth whitening will not be successful. Systemic conditions affecting enamel
There are many different types of Amelogenesis imperfecta. The hypocalcification type, which is the most common, is an autosomal dominant condition that results in enamel that is not completely mineralized. Consequently, enamel easily flakes off the teeth, which appear yellow because of the revealed dentin. The hypoplastic type is X-linked and results in normal enamel that appears in too little quantity, having the same effect as the most common type.
Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, which can result from erythroblastosis fetalis, is a disease which has numerous effects on an infant, but it can also cause enamel hypoplasia and green staining of enamel.
Enamel hypoplasia is broadly defined to encompass all deviations from normal enamel in its various degrees of absence. The missing enamel could be localized, forming a small pit, or it could be completely absent.
Erythropoietic porphyria is a genetic disease resulting in the deposition of porphyrins throughout the body. These deposits also occur in enamel and leave an appearance described as red in color and fluorescent.
Fluorosis leads to mottled enamel and occurs from overexposure to fluoride.
Tetracycline staining leads to brown bands on the areas of developing enamel. Children up to age 8 can develop mottled enamel from taking tetracycline. As a result, tetracycline is contraindicated in pregnant women.
Celiac disease, a disorder characterized by an auto-immune response to gluten, also commonly results in demineralization of the enamel. In other mammals
For the most part, research has shown that formation in animals is almost identical to formation in humans. The enamel organ, including the dental papilla, and ameloblasts function similarly. The variations of enamel that are present are infrequent but sometimes important. Differences exist, certainly, in the morphology, number, and types of teeth among animals. Teeth of a rottweiler
Dogs are less likely than humans to have tooth decay due to the high pH of dog saliva, which prevents an acidic environment from forming and the subsequent demineralization of enamel which would occur. In the event that tooth decay does occur (usually from trauma), dogs can receive dental fillings just as humans do. Similar to human teeth, the enamel of dogs is vulnerable to tetracycline staining. Consequently, this risk must be accounted for when tetracycline antibiotic therapy is administered to young dogs. Enamel hypoplasia may also occur in dogs.
The mineral distribution in rodent enamel is different from that of monkeys, dogs, pigs, and humans. In horse teeth, the enamel and dentin layers are intertwined with each other, which increases the strength and decreases the wear rate of those teeth. See also
Head and neck anatomy
Amorphous calcium and phosphate
Perikymata
Ivory
Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. The large amount of minerals in enamel accounts not only for its strength but also for its brittleness. Tooth enamel ranks 5 on Mohs hardness scale and a Young's modulus of 83 GPa . Dentin, less mineralized and less brittle, 3 4 in hardness, compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support.
Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins. While the role of these proteins is not fully understood, it is believed that they aid in the development of enamel by serving as a framework support, among other functions.
Contents
1 Structure
2 Development
3 Destruction
4 Oral hygiene and fluoride
5 Effects of dental procedures
5.1 Dental restorations
5.2 Acid-etching techniques
5.3 Tooth whitening
6 Systemic conditions affecting enamel
7 In other mammals
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links Structure
The basic unit of enamel is called an enamel rod. Measuring 4 8 m in diameter an enamel rod, formerly called an enamel prism, is a tightly packed mass of hydroxyapatite crystals in an organized pattern. In cross section, it is best compared to a keyhole, with the top, or head, oriented toward the crown of the tooth, and the bottom, or tail, oriented toward the root of the tooth.
The arrangement of the crystals within each enamel rod is highly complex. Both ameloblasts (the cells which initiate enamel formation) and Tomes' processes affect the crystals' pattern. Enamel crystals in the head of the enamel rod are oriented parallel to the long axis of the rod. When found in the tail of the enamel rod, the crystals' orientation diverges slightly from the long axis.
The arrangement of enamel rods is understood more clearly than their internal structure. Enamel rods are found in rows along the tooth, and within each row, the long axis of the enamel rod is generally perpendicular to the underlying dentin. In permanent teeth, the enamel rods near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) tilt slightly toward the root of the tooth. Understanding enamel orientation is very important in restorative dentistry, because enamel unsupported by underlying dentin is prone to fracture.
The area around the enamel rod is known as interrod enamel. Interrod enamel has the same composition as enamel rod, however a histologic distinction is made between the two because crystal orientation is different in each. The border where the crystals of enamel rods and crystals of interrod enamel meet is called the rod sheath.
Striae of Retzius are stripes that appear on enamel when viewed microscopically in cross section. Formed from changes in diameter of Tomes' processes, these stripes demonstrate the growth of enamel, similar to the annual rings on a tree. Perikymata are shallow furrows where the striae of Retzius end. Darker than the other stripes, the neonatal line is a stripe that separates enamel formed before and after birth.
Gnarled enamel is found at the cusps of teeth. Its twisted appearance results from the orientation of enamel rods and the rows in which they lie.
Enamel is covered by various structures in relation to the development of tooth: Nasmyth's membrane or enamel cuticle, structure of embryological origin is composed of keratin which gives rise to the enamel organ . Acquired pellicle, structure acquired after tooth eruption is composed of food debris, calculus, dental plaque (organic film) . Development
Histologic slide showing a developing tooth. The mouth would be in the area of space at the top of the picture.
Enamel formation is part of the overall process of tooth development. When the tissues of the developing tooth are seen under a microscope, different cellular aggregations can be identified, including structures known as the enamel organ, dental lamina, and dental papilla. The generally recognized stages of tooth development are the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and crown, or calcification, stage. Enamel formation is first seen in the crown stage.
Amelogenesis, or enamel formation, occurs after the first establishment of dentin, via cells known as ameloblasts. Human enamel forms at a rate of around 4 m per day, beginning at the future location of cusps, around the third or fourth month of pregnancy. As in all human processes, the creation of enamel is complex, but can generally be divided into two stages. The first stage, called the secretory stage, involves proteins and an organic matrix forming a partially mineralized enamel. The second stage, called the maturation stage, completes enamel mineralization. Histologic slide showing enamel formation
In the secretory stage, ameloblasts are polarized columnar cells. In the rough endoplasmic reticulum of these cells, enamel proteins are released into the surrounding area and contribute to what is known as the enamel matrix, which is then partially mineralized by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. When this first layer is formed, the ameloblasts move away from the dentin, allowing for the development of Tomes' processes at the apical pole of the cell. Enamel formation continues around the adjoining ameloblasts, resulting in a walled area, or pit, that houses a Tomes' process, and also around the end of each Tomes' process, resulting in a deposition of enamel matrix inside of each pit. The matrix within the pit will eventually become an enamel rod, and the walls will eventually become interrod enamel. The only distinguishing factor between the two is the orientation of the calcium phosphate crystals.
In the maturation stage, the ameloblasts transport substances used in the formation of enamel. Histologically, the most notable aspect of this phase is that these cells become striated, or have a ruffled border. These signs demonstrate that the ameloblasts have changed their function from production, as in the secretory stage, to transportation. Proteins used for the final mineralization process compose most of the transported material. The noteworthy proteins involved are amelogenins, ameloblastins, enamelins, and tuftelins. During this process, amelogenins and ameloblastins are removed after use, leaving enamelins and tuftelin in the enamel. By the end of this stage, the enamel has completed its mineralization.
At some point before the tooth erupts into the mouth, but after the maturation stage, the ameloblasts are broken down. Consequently, enamel, unlike many other tissues of the body, has no way to regenerate itself. After destruction of enamel from decay or injury, neither the body nor a dentist can restore the enamel tissue. Enamel can be affected further by non-pathologic processes. The discoloration of teeth over time can result from exposure to substances such as tobacco, coffee, and tea. This is partly due to material building up in the enamel, but is also an effect of the underlying dentin becoming sclerotic. As a result, tooth color gradually darkens with age. Additionally, enamel becomes less permeable to fluids, less soluble to acid, and contains less water. Progress of enamel formation for primary teeth
Amount of enamel formed at birth Enamel mineralization completed Primary
maxillary
tooth
Central incisor
5/6
1.5 months after birth
Lateral incisor
2/3
2.5 months after birth
Canine
1/3
9 months after birth
1st molar
Cusps united; occlusal completely calcified
and 1/2 to 3/4 crown height
6 months after birth
2nd molar
Cusps united; occlusal incompletely calcified;
calcified tissue covers 1/5 to 1 4 crown height
11 months after birth Primary
mandibular
tooth
Central incisor
3/5
2.5 months after birth
Lateral incisor
3/5
3 months after birth
Canine
1/3
9 months after birth
1st molar
Cusps united; occlusal
completely calcified
5.5 months after birth
2nd molar
Cusps united; occlusal
incompletely calcified
10 months after birth Destruction
Destruction of enamel by cervical decay from dental caries
The high mineral content of enamel, which makes this tissue the hardest in the human body, also makes it susceptible to a demineralization process which often occurs as dental caries, otherwise known as cavities. Demineralization occurs for several reasons, but the most important cause of tooth decay is the ingestion of sugars. Tooth cavities are caused when acids dissolve tooth enamel: Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ( s ) + 8H + ( aq ) 10Ca 2+ ( aq ) + 6HPO 4 2- ( aq ) + 2H 2 O( l )
Sugars from candies, soft drinks, and even fruit juices play a significant role in tooth decay, and consequently in enamel destruction. The mouth contains a great number and variety of bacteria, and when sucrose, the most common of sugars, coats the surface of the mouth, some intraoral bacteria interact with it and form lactic acid, which decreases the pH in the mouth. Then, the hydroxylapatite crystals of enamel demineralize, allowing for greater bacterial invasion deeper into the tooth. The most important bacterium involved with tooth decay is Streptococcus mutans , but the number and type of bacteria varies with the progress of tooth destruction.
Furthermore, tooth morphology dictates that the most common site for the initiation of dental caries is in the deep grooves, pits, and fissures of enamel. This is expected because these locations are impossible to reach with a toothbrush and allow for bacteria to reside there. When demineralization of enamel occurs, a dentist can use a sharp instrument, such as a dental explorer, and "feel a stick" at the location of the decay. As enamel continues to become less mineralized and is unable to prevent the encroachment of bacteria, the underlying dentin becomes affected as well. When dentin, which normally supports enamel, is destroyed by a physiologic condition or by decay, enamel is unable to compensate for its brittleness and breaks away from the tooth easily. The effects of bruxism on an anterior tooth, revealing the dentin and pulp which are normally hidden by enamel
The extent to which tooth decay is likely, known as cariogenicity, depends on factors such as how long the sugar remains in the mouth. Contrary to common belief, it is not the amount of sugar ingested but the frequency of sugar ingestion that is the most important factor in the causation of tooth decay. When the pH in the mouth initially decreases from the ingestion of sugars, the enamel is demineralized and left vulnerable for about 30 minutes. Eating a greater quantity of sugar in one sitting does not increase the time of demineralization. Similarly, eating a lesser quantity of sugar in one sitting does not decrease the time of demineralization. Thus, eating a great quantity of sugar at one time in the day is less detrimental than is a very small quantity ingested in many intervals throughout the day. For example, in terms of oral health, it is better to eat a single dessert at dinner time than to snack on a bag of candy throughout the day.
In addition to bacterial invasion, enamel is also susceptible to other destructive forces. Bruxism, also known as clenching of or grinding on teeth, destroys enamel very quickly. The wear rate of enamel, called attrition, is 8 micrometers a year from normal factors. A common misconception is that enamel wears away mostly from chewing, but actually teeth rarely touch during chewing. Furthermore, normal tooth contact is compensated physiologically by the periodontal ligaments (pdl) and the arrangement of dental occlusion. The truly destructive forces are the parafunctional movements, as found in bruxism, which can cause irreversible damage to the enamel.
Other nonbacterial processes of enamel destruction include abrasion (involving foreign elements, such as toothbrushes), erosion (involving chemical processes, such as lemon juice), and possibly abfraction (involving compressive and tensile forces).
Though enamel is described as tough, it has a similar brittleness to glass making it unlike other natural crack-resistant laminate structures such as shell and nacre potentially vulnerable to fracture. In spite of this it can withstand the bite forces as high as 1,000 N many times a day during chewing. This resistance is due in part to the microstructure of enamel which contains processes, enamel tufts, that stabilize the growth of such fractures at the dentinoenamel junction. The configuration of the tooth also acts to reduce the tensile stresses that cause fractures during biting. Oral hygiene and fluoride
Main article: Oral hygiene
Considering the vulnerability of enamel to demineralization and the daily menace of sugar ingestion, prevention of tooth decay is the best way to maintain the health of teeth. Most countries have wide use of toothbrushes, which can reduce the number of bacteria and food particles on enamel. Some isolated societies do not have access to toothbrushes, but it is common for those people to use other objects, such as sticks, to clean their teeth. In between two adjacent teeth, floss is used to wipe the enamel surfaces free of plaque and food particles to discourage bacterial growth. Although neither floss nor toothbrushes can penetrate the deep grooves and pits of enamel, good general oral health habits can usually prevent enough bacterial growth to keep tooth decay from starting. Common dentistry trays filled with fluoride foam
These methods of oral hygiene have been helped greatly by the use of fluoride. Fluoride can be found in many locations naturally, such as the ocean and other water sources. Naturally occurring calcium fluoride is not the same as sodium fluoride, a byproduct of the fertilizer industry and the fluoride that is added to drinking water. The recommended dosage of fluoride in drinking water depends on air temperature; in the U.S. it ranges from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Fluoride catalyzes the diffusion of calcium and phosphate into the tooth surface, which in turn remineralizes the crystalline structures in a dental cavity. The remineralized tooth surfaces contain fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite, which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did. Fluoride therapy is used to help prevent dental decay.
Many groups of people have spoken out against fluoridated drinking water. One example used by these advocates is the damage fluoride can do as fluorosis. Fluorosis is a condition resulting from the overexposure to fluoride, especially between the ages of 6 months to 5 years, and appears as mottled enamel. Consequently the teeth look unsightly, although the incidence of dental decay in those teeth is very small. It is important, however, to note that all substances, even beneficial ones, are detrimental when taken in extreme doses. Where fluoride is found naturally in high concentrations, filters are often used to decrease the amount of fluoride in water. For this reason, codes have been developed by dental professionals to limit the amount of fluoride a person should take. These codes are supported by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. The acute toxic dose of fluoride is ~5 mg/kg of body weight. Furthermore, whereas topical fluoride, found in toothpaste and mouthwashes, does not cause fluorosis, its effects are also less pervasive and not as long-lasting as those of systemic fluoride, such as when drinking fluorinated water. For instance, all of a tooth's enamel gains the benefits of fluoride when it is ingested systemically, through fluoridated water or salt fluoridation (a common alternative in Europe). Only some of the outer surfaces of enamel can be reached by topical fluoride. Thus, despite fluoridation's detractors, most dental health care professionals and organizations agree that the inclusion of fluoride in public water has been one of the most effective methods of decreasing the prevalence of tooth decay. Effects of dental procedures
An X-ray showing enamel and dentin replaced by an amalgam restoration Dental restorations
Most dental restorations involve the removal of enamel. Frequently, the purpose of removal is to gain access to the underlying decay in the dentin or inflammation in the pulp. This is typically the case in amalgam restorations and endodontic treatment.
Nonetheless, enamel can sometimes be removed before there is any decay present. The most popular example is the dental sealant. The process of placing dental sealants in the past involved removing enamel in the deep fissures and grooves of a tooth and replacing it with a restorative material. Presently, it is more common to only remove decayed enamel if present. In spite of this, there are still cases where deep fissures and grooves in enamel are removed in order to prevent decay, and a sealant may or may not be placed depending on the situation. Sealants are unique in that they are preventative restorations for protection from future decay and have shown to reduce the risk of decay by 55% over 7 years.
Aesthetics is another reason for the removal of enamel. Removing enamel is necessary when placing crowns and veneers to enhance the appearance of teeth. In both of these instances, it is important to keep in mind the orientation of enamel rods because it is possible to leave enamel unsupported by underlying dentin, leaving that portion of the prepared teeth more vulnerable to fracture. Acid-etching techniques
Invented in 1955, acid-etching employs dental etchants and is used frequently when bonding dental restoration to teeth. This is important for long-term use of some materials, such as composites and sealants. By dissolving minerals in enamel, etchants remove the outer 10 micrometers on the enamel surface and make a porous layer 5 50 micrometers deep. This roughens the enamel microscopically and results in a greater surface area on which to bond.
The effects of acid-etching on enamel can vary. Important variables are the amount of time the etchant is applied, the type of etchant used, and the current condition of the enamel.
There are three types of patterns formed by acid-etching. Type 1 is a pattern where predominantly the enamel rods are dissolved; type 2 is a pattern where predominantly the area around the enamel rods are dissolved; and type 3 is a pattern where there is no evidence left of any enamel rods. Besides concluding that type 1 is the most favorable pattern and type 3 the least, the explanation for these different patterns is not known for certain but is most commonly attributed to different crystal orientation in the enamel. Tooth whitening
Tooth whitening or tooth bleaching procedures attempt to lighten a tooth's color in either of two ways: by chemical or mechanical action.
Working chemically, a bleaching agent is used to carry out an oxidation reaction in the enamel and dentin. The agents most commonly used to intrinsically change the color of teeth are hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. A tooth whitening product with an overall low pH can put enamel at risk for decay or destruction by demineralization. Consequently, care should be taken and risk evaluated when choosing a product which is very acidic.
Tooth whiteners in toothpastes work through a mechanical action. They have mild abrasives which aid in the removal of stains on enamel. Although this can be an effective method, it does not alter the intrinsic color of teeth.
Microabrasion techniques employ both methods. An acid is used first to weaken the outer 22 27 micrometers of enamel in order to weaken it enough for the subsequent abrasive force. This allows for removal of superficial stains in the enamel. If the discoloration is deeper or in the dentin, this method of tooth whitening will not be successful. Systemic conditions affecting enamel
There are many different types of Amelogenesis imperfecta. The hypocalcification type, which is the most common, is an autosomal dominant condition that results in enamel that is not completely mineralized. Consequently, enamel easily flakes off the teeth, which appear yellow because of the revealed dentin. The hypoplastic type is X-linked and results in normal enamel that appears in too little quantity, having the same effect as the most common type.
Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, which can result from erythroblastosis fetalis, is a disease which has numerous effects on an infant, but it can also cause enamel hypoplasia and green staining of enamel.
Enamel hypoplasia is broadly defined to encompass all deviations from normal enamel in its various degrees of absence. The missing enamel could be localized, forming a small pit, or it could be completely absent.
Erythropoietic porphyria is a genetic disease resulting in the deposition of porphyrins throughout the body. These deposits also occur in enamel and leave an appearance described as red in color and fluorescent.
Fluorosis leads to mottled enamel and occurs from overexposure to fluoride.
Tetracycline staining leads to brown bands on the areas of developing enamel. Children up to age 8 can develop mottled enamel from taking tetracycline. As a result, tetracycline is contraindicated in pregnant women.
Celiac disease, a disorder characterized by an auto-immune response to gluten, also commonly results in demineralization of the enamel. In other mammals
For the most part, research has shown that formation in animals is almost identical to formation in humans. The enamel organ, including the dental papilla, and ameloblasts function similarly. The variations of enamel that are present are infrequent but sometimes important. Differences exist, certainly, in the morphology, number, and types of teeth among animals. Teeth of a rottweiler
Dogs are less likely than humans to have tooth decay due to the high pH of dog saliva, which prevents an acidic environment from forming and the subsequent demineralization of enamel which would occur. In the event that tooth decay does occur (usually from trauma), dogs can receive dental fillings just as humans do. Similar to human teeth, the enamel of dogs is vulnerable to tetracycline staining. Consequently, this risk must be accounted for when tetracycline antibiotic therapy is administered to young dogs. Enamel hypoplasia may also occur in dogs.
The mineral distribution in rodent enamel is different from that of monkeys, dogs, pigs, and humans. In horse teeth, the enamel and dentin layers are intertwined with each other, which increases the strength and decreases the wear rate of those teeth. See also
Head and neck anatomy
Amorphous calcium and phosphate
Perikymata
Ivory
Tooth bleaching
Dental bleaching , also known as tooth whitening , is a common procedure in general dentistry but most especially in the field of cosmetic dentistry. A child's deciduous teeth are generally whiter than the adult teeth that follow. As a person ages the adult teeth often become darker due to changes in the mineral structure of the tooth, as the enamel becomes less porous [ citation needed ] . Teeth can also become stained by bacterial pigments, foodstuffs and tobacco. Certain antibiotic medications (like tetracycline) can also lead to teeth stains or a reduction in the brilliance of the enamel.
There are many methods to whiten teeth: bleaching strips, bleaching pen, bleaching gel, laser bleaching, and natural bleaching. Traditionally, at-home whitening is done with bleaching gel which is applied to the teeth using thin guard trays. At-home whitening can also be done by applying small strips that go over the front teeth. Oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide are used to lighten the shade of the tooth. The oxidizing agent penetrates the porosities in the rod-like crystal structure of enamel and oxidizes interprismatic stain deposits; over a period of time, the dentin layer, lying underneath the enamel, is also bleached. Power bleaching uses light energy to accelerate the process of bleaching in a dental surgery. The effects of bleaching can last for several months, but may vary depending on the lifestyle of the patient. Factors which will decrease whitening include smoking and the ingestion of dark colored liquids like coffee, tea and red wine.
Internal staining of dentine can discolor the teeth from inside out. Internal bleaching can remedy this. If heavy staining or tetracycline damage is present on a patient's teeth, and whitening is ineffective, there are other methods of whitening teeth. Bonding, when a thin coating of composite material is applied to the front of a person's teeth and then cured with a blue light can be performed to mask the staining. A veneer can also mask tooth discoloration.
Contents
1 Methods
2 Risks
3 Internal bleaching
4 Agents
5 References Methods
There are two main methods of gel bleaching one performed with high-concentration gel, and another with low-concentration agents. High-concentration bleaching can be accomplished either in the dental office, or at home. Performing the procedure at home is accomplished using high-concentration carbamide peroxide, which is readily available online or in dental stores and is much more cost-effective than the in-office procedure. Whitening is performed by applying a high concentration of oxidizing agent to the teeth with thin plastic trays for a short period of time, which produces quick results. The application trays ideally should be well-fitted to retain the bleaching gel, ensuring even and full tooth exposure to the gel. Trays will typically stay on the teeth for about 15 20 minutes. Trays are then removed and the procedure is repeated up to two more times. Most in-office bleaching procedures use a light-cured protective layer that is carefully painted on the gums and papilla (the tips of the gums between the teeth) in order to reduce the risk of chemical burns to the soft tissues. The bleaching agent is either carbamide peroxide, which breaks down in the mouth to form hydrogen peroxide, or hydrogen peroxide itself. The bleaching gel typically contains between 10-30% carbamide peroxide (15% is recommended) [ by whom? ] which is roughly equivalent to 3-10% hydrogen peroxide concentration.
Low-concentration whitening is far less effective, and is generally only performed at home. Low-concentration whitening involves purchasing a thin mouthguard or strip that holds a relatively low concentration of oxidizing agent next to the teeth for as long as several hours a day for a period of 5 to 14 days. Results can vary, depending on which application is chosen, with some people achieving whiter teeth in a few days, and others seeing very little results or no results at all. Whitening is potentially better at a dentist because the strip or mouth-guard does not completely conform to the shape of the teeth, sometimes leaving the tips of the teeth (near the gumline) unbleached. The bleaching agent is typically less than 10% hydrogen peroxide equivalent, so irritation to the soft tissue around teeth is minimized. Dentists as well as some dental laboratories can fabricate custom fitted whitening trays that will greatly improve the results achieved with an over-the-counter whitening method.
A typical course of bleaching can produce dramatic improvements in the cosmetic appearance of most stained teeth; however, some stains do not respond to bleaching. Tetracycline staining may require prolonged bleaching, as it takes longer for the bleach to reach the dentine layer. White-spot decalcifications may also be highlighted and become more noticeable. Bleaching is least effective if teeth have white spots, decay or infected gums. It is also least effective when the original tooth color is grayish. Bleaching is most effective with yellow discolored teeth.
Power or light-accelerated bleaching, sometimes colloquially referred to as laser bleaching, uses light energy to accelerate the process of bleaching in a dental office. Different types of energy can be used in this procedure, with the most common being halogen, LED, or plasma arc. Clinical trials have demonstrated that among these three options, halogen light is the best source for producing optimal treatment results. The ideal source of energy should be high energy to excite the peroxide molecules without overheating the pulp of the tooth. Lights are typically within the blue light spectrum as this has been found to contain the most effective wavelengths for initiating the hydrogen peroxide reaction. A power bleaching treatment typically involves isolation of soft tissue with a resin-based, light-curable barrier, application of a professional dental-grade hydrogen peroxide whitening gel (25-38% hydrogen peroxide), and exposure to the light source for 6-15 minutes. Recent technical advances have minimized heat and ultraviolet emissions, allowing a less time-intensive patient preparation procedure. Most power teeth whitening treatments can be done in approximately 30 minutes to one hour, in a single visit to a dental physician. Treatment times and recommendations are dependent on the condition of a person's teeth at time of treatment. Risks
Side effects of teeth bleaching include: chemical burns with gel bleaching (if a high-concentration oxidizing agent contacts unprotected tissues, which may bleach or discolor mucous membranes), sensitive teeth, and overbleaching (known in the profession as "over white teeth") aka "Hyperodonto-oxidation". Rebound, or teeth losing the bleached effect is also an issue, particularly with the intensive treatments (products which provide a large change in tooth colour over a very short treatment period, e.g., 1 hour). A recent study by Kugel et al. has shown that nearly half the initial change in color provided by an intensive in-office treatment (i.e., 1 hour treatment in a dentist's chair) was lost by 7 days. Rebound is experienced when a large proportion of the tooth whitening has come from tooth dehydration (also a significant factor in causing sensitivity). As the tooth rehydrates, tooth color 'rebounds' back toward where it started.
Home tooth bleaching treatments can very slightly reduce tooth enamel. There have been long term Tetracycline studies done where patients received high concentration bleach, over night, for 6 months. These studies show that even over long term exposure, the amount of reduction in tooth enamel is insignificant. (citation needed)
The side effects that occur most often are a temporary increase in tooth sensitivity and mild irritation of the soft tissues of the mouth, particularly the gums. Tooth sensitivity often occurs during early stages of the bleaching treatment. Tissue irritation most commonly results from an ill-fitting mouthpiece tray rather than the tooth-bleaching agent. Both of these conditions usually are temporary and disappear within 1 to 3 days of stopping or completing treatment.
Individuals with sensitive teeth and gums, receding gums and/or defective restorations should consult with their dentist prior to using a tooth whitening system. People who are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (the whitening agent) should not try a bleaching product without first consulting a dentist. Also, prolonged exposure to bleaching agents may damage tooth enamel. This is especially the case with home remedy whitening products that contain fruit acids.
Bleaching is not recommended in children under the age of 16. This is because the pulp chamber, or nerve of the tooth, is enlarged until this age. Tooth whitening under this condition could irritate the pulp or cause it to become sensitive. Tooth whitening is also not recommended in pregnant or lactating women.
Tooth whitening does not usually change the color of fillings and other restorative materials. It does not affect porcelain, other ceramics, or dental gold. However, it can slightly affect restorations made with composite materials, cements and dental amalgams. Tooth whitening can restore color of fillings, porcelain, and other ceramics when they become stained by foods, drinks, and smoking, among other activities. [ citation needed ] Internal bleaching
Internal bleaching procedures are performed on devitalized teeth that have undergone endodontic therapy but are discolored due to internal staining of the tooth structure by blood and other fluids that leached in. Unlike external bleaching which brightens teeth from the outside in, internal bleaching brightens teeth from the inside out. Bleaching the tooth internally involves drilling a hole to the pulp chamber, cleaning, sealing, and filling the root canal with a rubber-like substance, and placing a peroxide gel into the pulp chamber so that the gel can work directly inside the tooth on the dentin layer. [ citation needed ] In this variation of whitening the peroxide is sealed within the tooth over a period of some days and replaced as needed, the so called "walking bleach" technique. [ citation needed ] Agents
Various chemical and physical agents can be used to whiten teeth. Toothpaste typically has small particles of silica, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, or calcium phosphate to grind off stains formed by colored molecules that have adsorbed onto the teeth from food. Unlike bleaches, whitening toothpaste does not alter the intrinsic color of teeth.
Bleaching solutions contain peroxide which bleaches the tooth enamel to change its color. Off-the-shelf products typically rely on a carbamide peroxide solution varying in concentration from 10% to 35%. Bleaching solutions may be applied directly to the teeth, embedded in a plastic strip that is placed on the teeth or use a gel held in place by a mouthguard. Because the concentration is typically low to avoid toxicity, whitening often takes several weeks. A tooth whitening agent that also remineralizes teeth is under development.
Whitening teeth for aesthetic purposes has been dated back to the Ancient Egyptians, where a mixture of ground pumice and wine vinegar was brushed on the teeth with a rudimentary toothbrush. The ancient Romans used human urine by the belief that it kept the teeth white and firmly in place, a practice that continued into the eighteenth century [ citation needed ] . Whitening in the middle ages was done by barbers, where the teeth would be filed down and nitric acid applied to the teeth. This was a dangerous procedure, considering the massive tooth damage this practice caused. References
^ Ross Kerr, Tooth Discoloration, WebMD., 2008. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1076389-overview
^ Patel A, Louca C, Millar BJ. An in vitro comparison of tooth whitening techniques on natural tooth color. British Dental Journal 2008:204(9):E15;discussions 516-7.
^ Grace Sun, Lasers and Light Amplification in Dentistry. Dental Clinics of North America, Vol. 44 No. 4., October 2000.
^ "Kugel et al, Journal of Dental Research 2005;84(3) abstract:0287 Clinical Trial Assessing Light Enhancement of In-Office Tooth Whitening." . http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2005Balt/techprogram/abstract_60184.htm .
^ "Kugel G, Ferreira S; J Mass Dent Soc. 2005; 53(4): 34-7 The art and science of tooth whitening." . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15828604 .
^ "Betke et al; Operative Dentistry 2006; 31 (5): 536-542 Influence of bleaching agents and desensitizing varnishes on the water content of dentin." . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17024940 .
^ http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/homebleach.htm
^ Brooker, Charlie (November 13, 2006). "Thinking of getting your teeth whitened? Well don't. Keep them brown". The Guardian . http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,1946559,00.html . Retrieved 2007-07-12 .
^ "Tooth Whiteners containing hydrogen peroxide summary by GreenFacts of the European Commission SCCP assessment". GreenFacts . http://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/tooth-whiteners/index.htm . Retrieved 2008-05-04 .
^ "New tooth whitener could help heal teeth". American Dental Association . http://www.ada.org/public/media/releases/0506_release01.asp . Retrieved 2008-05-04 .
There are many methods to whiten teeth: bleaching strips, bleaching pen, bleaching gel, laser bleaching, and natural bleaching. Traditionally, at-home whitening is done with bleaching gel which is applied to the teeth using thin guard trays. At-home whitening can also be done by applying small strips that go over the front teeth. Oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide are used to lighten the shade of the tooth. The oxidizing agent penetrates the porosities in the rod-like crystal structure of enamel and oxidizes interprismatic stain deposits; over a period of time, the dentin layer, lying underneath the enamel, is also bleached. Power bleaching uses light energy to accelerate the process of bleaching in a dental surgery. The effects of bleaching can last for several months, but may vary depending on the lifestyle of the patient. Factors which will decrease whitening include smoking and the ingestion of dark colored liquids like coffee, tea and red wine.
Internal staining of dentine can discolor the teeth from inside out. Internal bleaching can remedy this. If heavy staining or tetracycline damage is present on a patient's teeth, and whitening is ineffective, there are other methods of whitening teeth. Bonding, when a thin coating of composite material is applied to the front of a person's teeth and then cured with a blue light can be performed to mask the staining. A veneer can also mask tooth discoloration.
Contents
1 Methods
2 Risks
3 Internal bleaching
4 Agents
5 References Methods
There are two main methods of gel bleaching one performed with high-concentration gel, and another with low-concentration agents. High-concentration bleaching can be accomplished either in the dental office, or at home. Performing the procedure at home is accomplished using high-concentration carbamide peroxide, which is readily available online or in dental stores and is much more cost-effective than the in-office procedure. Whitening is performed by applying a high concentration of oxidizing agent to the teeth with thin plastic trays for a short period of time, which produces quick results. The application trays ideally should be well-fitted to retain the bleaching gel, ensuring even and full tooth exposure to the gel. Trays will typically stay on the teeth for about 15 20 minutes. Trays are then removed and the procedure is repeated up to two more times. Most in-office bleaching procedures use a light-cured protective layer that is carefully painted on the gums and papilla (the tips of the gums between the teeth) in order to reduce the risk of chemical burns to the soft tissues. The bleaching agent is either carbamide peroxide, which breaks down in the mouth to form hydrogen peroxide, or hydrogen peroxide itself. The bleaching gel typically contains between 10-30% carbamide peroxide (15% is recommended) [ by whom? ] which is roughly equivalent to 3-10% hydrogen peroxide concentration.
Low-concentration whitening is far less effective, and is generally only performed at home. Low-concentration whitening involves purchasing a thin mouthguard or strip that holds a relatively low concentration of oxidizing agent next to the teeth for as long as several hours a day for a period of 5 to 14 days. Results can vary, depending on which application is chosen, with some people achieving whiter teeth in a few days, and others seeing very little results or no results at all. Whitening is potentially better at a dentist because the strip or mouth-guard does not completely conform to the shape of the teeth, sometimes leaving the tips of the teeth (near the gumline) unbleached. The bleaching agent is typically less than 10% hydrogen peroxide equivalent, so irritation to the soft tissue around teeth is minimized. Dentists as well as some dental laboratories can fabricate custom fitted whitening trays that will greatly improve the results achieved with an over-the-counter whitening method.
A typical course of bleaching can produce dramatic improvements in the cosmetic appearance of most stained teeth; however, some stains do not respond to bleaching. Tetracycline staining may require prolonged bleaching, as it takes longer for the bleach to reach the dentine layer. White-spot decalcifications may also be highlighted and become more noticeable. Bleaching is least effective if teeth have white spots, decay or infected gums. It is also least effective when the original tooth color is grayish. Bleaching is most effective with yellow discolored teeth.
Power or light-accelerated bleaching, sometimes colloquially referred to as laser bleaching, uses light energy to accelerate the process of bleaching in a dental office. Different types of energy can be used in this procedure, with the most common being halogen, LED, or plasma arc. Clinical trials have demonstrated that among these three options, halogen light is the best source for producing optimal treatment results. The ideal source of energy should be high energy to excite the peroxide molecules without overheating the pulp of the tooth. Lights are typically within the blue light spectrum as this has been found to contain the most effective wavelengths for initiating the hydrogen peroxide reaction. A power bleaching treatment typically involves isolation of soft tissue with a resin-based, light-curable barrier, application of a professional dental-grade hydrogen peroxide whitening gel (25-38% hydrogen peroxide), and exposure to the light source for 6-15 minutes. Recent technical advances have minimized heat and ultraviolet emissions, allowing a less time-intensive patient preparation procedure. Most power teeth whitening treatments can be done in approximately 30 minutes to one hour, in a single visit to a dental physician. Treatment times and recommendations are dependent on the condition of a person's teeth at time of treatment. Risks
Side effects of teeth bleaching include: chemical burns with gel bleaching (if a high-concentration oxidizing agent contacts unprotected tissues, which may bleach or discolor mucous membranes), sensitive teeth, and overbleaching (known in the profession as "over white teeth") aka "Hyperodonto-oxidation". Rebound, or teeth losing the bleached effect is also an issue, particularly with the intensive treatments (products which provide a large change in tooth colour over a very short treatment period, e.g., 1 hour). A recent study by Kugel et al. has shown that nearly half the initial change in color provided by an intensive in-office treatment (i.e., 1 hour treatment in a dentist's chair) was lost by 7 days. Rebound is experienced when a large proportion of the tooth whitening has come from tooth dehydration (also a significant factor in causing sensitivity). As the tooth rehydrates, tooth color 'rebounds' back toward where it started.
Home tooth bleaching treatments can very slightly reduce tooth enamel. There have been long term Tetracycline studies done where patients received high concentration bleach, over night, for 6 months. These studies show that even over long term exposure, the amount of reduction in tooth enamel is insignificant. (citation needed)
The side effects that occur most often are a temporary increase in tooth sensitivity and mild irritation of the soft tissues of the mouth, particularly the gums. Tooth sensitivity often occurs during early stages of the bleaching treatment. Tissue irritation most commonly results from an ill-fitting mouthpiece tray rather than the tooth-bleaching agent. Both of these conditions usually are temporary and disappear within 1 to 3 days of stopping or completing treatment.
Individuals with sensitive teeth and gums, receding gums and/or defective restorations should consult with their dentist prior to using a tooth whitening system. People who are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (the whitening agent) should not try a bleaching product without first consulting a dentist. Also, prolonged exposure to bleaching agents may damage tooth enamel. This is especially the case with home remedy whitening products that contain fruit acids.
Bleaching is not recommended in children under the age of 16. This is because the pulp chamber, or nerve of the tooth, is enlarged until this age. Tooth whitening under this condition could irritate the pulp or cause it to become sensitive. Tooth whitening is also not recommended in pregnant or lactating women.
Tooth whitening does not usually change the color of fillings and other restorative materials. It does not affect porcelain, other ceramics, or dental gold. However, it can slightly affect restorations made with composite materials, cements and dental amalgams. Tooth whitening can restore color of fillings, porcelain, and other ceramics when they become stained by foods, drinks, and smoking, among other activities. [ citation needed ] Internal bleaching
Internal bleaching procedures are performed on devitalized teeth that have undergone endodontic therapy but are discolored due to internal staining of the tooth structure by blood and other fluids that leached in. Unlike external bleaching which brightens teeth from the outside in, internal bleaching brightens teeth from the inside out. Bleaching the tooth internally involves drilling a hole to the pulp chamber, cleaning, sealing, and filling the root canal with a rubber-like substance, and placing a peroxide gel into the pulp chamber so that the gel can work directly inside the tooth on the dentin layer. [ citation needed ] In this variation of whitening the peroxide is sealed within the tooth over a period of some days and replaced as needed, the so called "walking bleach" technique. [ citation needed ] Agents
Various chemical and physical agents can be used to whiten teeth. Toothpaste typically has small particles of silica, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, or calcium phosphate to grind off stains formed by colored molecules that have adsorbed onto the teeth from food. Unlike bleaches, whitening toothpaste does not alter the intrinsic color of teeth.
Bleaching solutions contain peroxide which bleaches the tooth enamel to change its color. Off-the-shelf products typically rely on a carbamide peroxide solution varying in concentration from 10% to 35%. Bleaching solutions may be applied directly to the teeth, embedded in a plastic strip that is placed on the teeth or use a gel held in place by a mouthguard. Because the concentration is typically low to avoid toxicity, whitening often takes several weeks. A tooth whitening agent that also remineralizes teeth is under development.
Whitening teeth for aesthetic purposes has been dated back to the Ancient Egyptians, where a mixture of ground pumice and wine vinegar was brushed on the teeth with a rudimentary toothbrush. The ancient Romans used human urine by the belief that it kept the teeth white and firmly in place, a practice that continued into the eighteenth century [ citation needed ] . Whitening in the middle ages was done by barbers, where the teeth would be filed down and nitric acid applied to the teeth. This was a dangerous procedure, considering the massive tooth damage this practice caused. References
^ Ross Kerr, Tooth Discoloration, WebMD., 2008. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1076389-overview
^ Patel A, Louca C, Millar BJ. An in vitro comparison of tooth whitening techniques on natural tooth color. British Dental Journal 2008:204(9):E15;discussions 516-7.
^ Grace Sun, Lasers and Light Amplification in Dentistry. Dental Clinics of North America, Vol. 44 No. 4., October 2000.
^ "Kugel et al, Journal of Dental Research 2005;84(3) abstract:0287 Clinical Trial Assessing Light Enhancement of In-Office Tooth Whitening." . http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2005Balt/techprogram/abstract_60184.htm .
^ "Kugel G, Ferreira S; J Mass Dent Soc. 2005; 53(4): 34-7 The art and science of tooth whitening." . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15828604 .
^ "Betke et al; Operative Dentistry 2006; 31 (5): 536-542 Influence of bleaching agents and desensitizing varnishes on the water content of dentin." . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17024940 .
^ http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/homebleach.htm
^ Brooker, Charlie (November 13, 2006). "Thinking of getting your teeth whitened? Well don't. Keep them brown". The Guardian . http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,1946559,00.html . Retrieved 2007-07-12 .
^ "Tooth Whiteners containing hydrogen peroxide summary by GreenFacts of the European Commission SCCP assessment". GreenFacts . http://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/tooth-whiteners/index.htm . Retrieved 2008-05-04 .
^ "New tooth whitener could help heal teeth". American Dental Association . http://www.ada.org/public/media/releases/0506_release01.asp . Retrieved 2008-05-04 .
Saturday, March 20, 2010
Teeth Whiteners - Do They Really Work?
by John Carlstrom
Teeth whiteners are pretty much unavoidable these days. Everywhere you look you see a television commercial, a store display, a radio message or a print ad, constantly touting the benefits of the latest and greatest teeth whiteners to hit the market. They're big business, to be sure, but do they actually work?
Teeth are one of the most visible parts of our body. They are constantly on display, and people take great care to make sure that their teeth look as good as possible. We got to great lengths, from porcelain veneers to complicated and expensive orthodontic work, just to make sure that our smiles dazzle.
Of course, our teeth take a lot of abuse. We bombard them with sugar filled diets that cause cavities, soak them in coffee that stains, all the while hoping our pearly whites stay both pearly and white. So it's absolutely no surprise that things like teeth whiteners, which promise and immediate and relatively cheap way to improve our smiles, are big business.
In any such market, there's going to be a lot of potential for scams and abuse, with unscrupulous people out to make a buck off a hot trend. Fortunately for all of us that need a little dental tune up every now and again, most of the whiteners that are on the market actually work, although how well they work depends on which kind you choose.
The cheapest teeth whiteners are the whitening toothpastes, which incorporate hydrogen peroxide and other chemicals in addition to the regular cleansers that you find in your toothpaste. These are more effective for maintaining the color of your teeth than they are for making them whiter, working mostly by removing dirt and debris.
The next step up in teeth whiteners is the strips that you put in your mouth, fitting over your teeth mostly invisibly while you go about your day, dissolving as you go. These are more effective than the toothpastes, but you shouldn't really expect to see your teeth get whiter by more than a shade or two, and you need to try to curtail things that are going to keep staining them, like excessive coffee drinking.
The most effective kind generally available at your local store is going to be the leave in tray variety. Basically, you fill a molded tray with a bleaching solution and then leave it in for a set period to lighten your teeth. As you might imagine this is the most effective and expensive of the teeth whiteners you can get without going to the dentist. But they do work, and you can get several shades whiter with these treatments.
Of course, the most powerful method teeth whitening method is laser activated bleaching, which you can only get at the dentist's office. This process can turn even the most stained teeth into a dazzler of a smile, but it is expensive and inconvenient. Teeth whiteners do work, and it's just a matter of finding the right for your teeth and your budget.
Are you ready to say goodbye to yellow teeth? Get White Teeth by Clicking Here.
Teeth whiteners are pretty much unavoidable these days. Everywhere you look you see a television commercial, a store display, a radio message or a print ad, constantly touting the benefits of the latest and greatest teeth whiteners to hit the market. They're big business, to be sure, but do they actually work?
Teeth are one of the most visible parts of our body. They are constantly on display, and people take great care to make sure that their teeth look as good as possible. We got to great lengths, from porcelain veneers to complicated and expensive orthodontic work, just to make sure that our smiles dazzle.
Of course, our teeth take a lot of abuse. We bombard them with sugar filled diets that cause cavities, soak them in coffee that stains, all the while hoping our pearly whites stay both pearly and white. So it's absolutely no surprise that things like teeth whiteners, which promise and immediate and relatively cheap way to improve our smiles, are big business.
In any such market, there's going to be a lot of potential for scams and abuse, with unscrupulous people out to make a buck off a hot trend. Fortunately for all of us that need a little dental tune up every now and again, most of the whiteners that are on the market actually work, although how well they work depends on which kind you choose.
The cheapest teeth whiteners are the whitening toothpastes, which incorporate hydrogen peroxide and other chemicals in addition to the regular cleansers that you find in your toothpaste. These are more effective for maintaining the color of your teeth than they are for making them whiter, working mostly by removing dirt and debris.
The next step up in teeth whiteners is the strips that you put in your mouth, fitting over your teeth mostly invisibly while you go about your day, dissolving as you go. These are more effective than the toothpastes, but you shouldn't really expect to see your teeth get whiter by more than a shade or two, and you need to try to curtail things that are going to keep staining them, like excessive coffee drinking.
The most effective kind generally available at your local store is going to be the leave in tray variety. Basically, you fill a molded tray with a bleaching solution and then leave it in for a set period to lighten your teeth. As you might imagine this is the most effective and expensive of the teeth whiteners you can get without going to the dentist. But they do work, and you can get several shades whiter with these treatments.
Of course, the most powerful method teeth whitening method is laser activated bleaching, which you can only get at the dentist's office. This process can turn even the most stained teeth into a dazzler of a smile, but it is expensive and inconvenient. Teeth whiteners do work, and it's just a matter of finding the right for your teeth and your budget.
Are you ready to say goodbye to yellow teeth? Get White Teeth by Clicking Here.
The Reasons People Want to Have White Teeth Like The Celebs
by Jay Edwarding
The laser beam activates the ingredients to release oxygen that actually works on the chemicals causing the stains. This is a procedure that is performed in the chamber of the dentist. A big advantage of this method is that generally it does not require you to visit the chambers of the dentist more than once. You just need fix up an appointment for once, visit the chamber, and get your teeth laser treated.
As a matter of fact, not all teeth respond well to total whiteness. This forces some to partake surgery of the teeth just to achieve clear white tooth. The rich and famous obviously have the money hence use the most expensive procedures only to ensure that their teeth are appealing to the others.
When the ordinary teeth cleaning procedure seems ineffective, they always gone for the high end tooth whitening like the laser whitening which have proved effect to them. And to those of the lesser or average lifestyle, gone for the ordinary tooth brushing methods.
The relationship between dental restorations and teeth whitening is very peculiar, studies based on products that use 10% carbamide peroxide showed that patients who used to teeth whitening products suffered no negative effects were dental restoration decay due to teeth whitening. The famous are the rich and hence the celebrities whose job is to meet their clients in perfect appearance ever. Celebrities therefore take to them a task to whiten their teeth basically as part of their exercise. White teeth symbolize dental responsibilities for the celebrities and therefore they make tooth whitening a duty to accomplish.Laser teeth whitening products use a gel with powerful bleaching agents and directed laser rays to whiten the teeth. This procedure for using the teeth whitening products is very simple, fast, and convenient though it is best practiced under medical supervision. The other procedures for whitening teeth are less effective and very cumbersome. Using laser technology for whitening your teeth will yield instantaneous results. The procedure can be followed at home after consulting a dentist.
Most of the laser teeth whitening products consist of a special gel that is applied on the teeth. This gel is activated on exposure to argon laser beam. Unlike other teeth whitening products, the gel permeates the enamel of the teeth, reacts with the yellow stains on it to make your teeth sparkling white. It is important to keep in mind that dental restorations such as Veneers, fillings, bridges, bonding and such do not lighten after its whitening procedure so the shade achieved may call for those restorative items to be replaced in order to match the new aspect; this is also the main reason why it is highly encouraged for individuals to have a teeth whitening procedure performed prior to a dental restoration.
Before spending money on costly whitening trays or strips, at least speak to a teeth whitening specialist. He or she can give you an estimate of the total cost of the procedure, and can advise on the treatment and discuss likely results.
In the end, the trade-off is quite simple to understand. If you want the best teeth whitening experience available in the shortest amount of time, go with the professional teeth whitening even though it's much more expensive.The price for a laser treatment varies according to the degree of whitening desired and the depth of the stains. Teeth stains vary and are caused by aging and smoking, and some teeth staining food. More work is needed for deeper stains hence the laser teeth whitener will cost more. But the price is worth the clean white smile.
Today we have many different whitening options, treatments and products.You will need sunglasses with Zoom tooth whitening and customers generally want a natural smile when it comes to teeth whitening but depending on how the teeth react to the treatment they might go so white that people you meet might need sunglasses!
In terms of whitening alternatives currently found on the market, laser teeth whitening is a safe, non-invasive and typically pain free procedure.The state of your teeth and its whiteness can significantly later the way you look. If you think that your tooth has been stained for any reason, you can use teeth whitening bleach to considerably lighten and change the appearance of your teeth.Look great feel great zoom teeth whitening and as the economy tightens consumers have little to feel great about but things like personal, mental and asp rational items and goals can keep people going during these difficult times.
How long does it last and what effects can I expect and the answers to the questions are different from one person to another. In most cases, a Zoom teeth whitening procedure is done twice a year. An average person who drinks coffee frequently and smokes daily will have improved tooth brightness - around 10 shades brighter.
If your interest is only in keeping your teeth brightness from becoming worse, many of the over-the-counter and even mouthwash products would suit your needs.
What did we do before Laser teeth whitening well In years gone by what did we do to remove the day to day stains on our teeth? Well there was methods like toothwhitening tooth paste and soda but really I am guessing there was no tangible solutions that worked. Those modifications expanded the number of existing teeth whitening techniques. After a short time at the computer, almost anyone can learn how to whiten teeth. A web surfer with yellow teeth would definitely feel compelled to try one of the available techniques. He or she would probably not realize just how rapidly changes have ushered in growing numbers of teeth whitening advancements.
About The Author
Jay is the marketing manager of Laser teeth whitening Hampshire, the company that help make your teeth look white again or Laser teeth whitening Milton Keynes
The author invites you to visit:
http://www.teeth-whitening-directory.co.uk
The laser beam activates the ingredients to release oxygen that actually works on the chemicals causing the stains. This is a procedure that is performed in the chamber of the dentist. A big advantage of this method is that generally it does not require you to visit the chambers of the dentist more than once. You just need fix up an appointment for once, visit the chamber, and get your teeth laser treated.
As a matter of fact, not all teeth respond well to total whiteness. This forces some to partake surgery of the teeth just to achieve clear white tooth. The rich and famous obviously have the money hence use the most expensive procedures only to ensure that their teeth are appealing to the others.
When the ordinary teeth cleaning procedure seems ineffective, they always gone for the high end tooth whitening like the laser whitening which have proved effect to them. And to those of the lesser or average lifestyle, gone for the ordinary tooth brushing methods.
The relationship between dental restorations and teeth whitening is very peculiar, studies based on products that use 10% carbamide peroxide showed that patients who used to teeth whitening products suffered no negative effects were dental restoration decay due to teeth whitening. The famous are the rich and hence the celebrities whose job is to meet their clients in perfect appearance ever. Celebrities therefore take to them a task to whiten their teeth basically as part of their exercise. White teeth symbolize dental responsibilities for the celebrities and therefore they make tooth whitening a duty to accomplish.Laser teeth whitening products use a gel with powerful bleaching agents and directed laser rays to whiten the teeth. This procedure for using the teeth whitening products is very simple, fast, and convenient though it is best practiced under medical supervision. The other procedures for whitening teeth are less effective and very cumbersome. Using laser technology for whitening your teeth will yield instantaneous results. The procedure can be followed at home after consulting a dentist.
Most of the laser teeth whitening products consist of a special gel that is applied on the teeth. This gel is activated on exposure to argon laser beam. Unlike other teeth whitening products, the gel permeates the enamel of the teeth, reacts with the yellow stains on it to make your teeth sparkling white. It is important to keep in mind that dental restorations such as Veneers, fillings, bridges, bonding and such do not lighten after its whitening procedure so the shade achieved may call for those restorative items to be replaced in order to match the new aspect; this is also the main reason why it is highly encouraged for individuals to have a teeth whitening procedure performed prior to a dental restoration.
Before spending money on costly whitening trays or strips, at least speak to a teeth whitening specialist. He or she can give you an estimate of the total cost of the procedure, and can advise on the treatment and discuss likely results.
In the end, the trade-off is quite simple to understand. If you want the best teeth whitening experience available in the shortest amount of time, go with the professional teeth whitening even though it's much more expensive.The price for a laser treatment varies according to the degree of whitening desired and the depth of the stains. Teeth stains vary and are caused by aging and smoking, and some teeth staining food. More work is needed for deeper stains hence the laser teeth whitener will cost more. But the price is worth the clean white smile.
Today we have many different whitening options, treatments and products.You will need sunglasses with Zoom tooth whitening and customers generally want a natural smile when it comes to teeth whitening but depending on how the teeth react to the treatment they might go so white that people you meet might need sunglasses!
In terms of whitening alternatives currently found on the market, laser teeth whitening is a safe, non-invasive and typically pain free procedure.The state of your teeth and its whiteness can significantly later the way you look. If you think that your tooth has been stained for any reason, you can use teeth whitening bleach to considerably lighten and change the appearance of your teeth.Look great feel great zoom teeth whitening and as the economy tightens consumers have little to feel great about but things like personal, mental and asp rational items and goals can keep people going during these difficult times.
How long does it last and what effects can I expect and the answers to the questions are different from one person to another. In most cases, a Zoom teeth whitening procedure is done twice a year. An average person who drinks coffee frequently and smokes daily will have improved tooth brightness - around 10 shades brighter.
If your interest is only in keeping your teeth brightness from becoming worse, many of the over-the-counter and even mouthwash products would suit your needs.
What did we do before Laser teeth whitening well In years gone by what did we do to remove the day to day stains on our teeth? Well there was methods like toothwhitening tooth paste and soda but really I am guessing there was no tangible solutions that worked. Those modifications expanded the number of existing teeth whitening techniques. After a short time at the computer, almost anyone can learn how to whiten teeth. A web surfer with yellow teeth would definitely feel compelled to try one of the available techniques. He or she would probably not realize just how rapidly changes have ushered in growing numbers of teeth whitening advancements.
About The Author
Jay is the marketing manager of Laser teeth whitening Hampshire, the company that help make your teeth look white again or Laser teeth whitening Milton Keynes
The author invites you to visit:
http://www.teeth-whitening-directory.co.uk
At Home Teeth Whitening Product Reviews - Sharing My Personal Experience
by Janet Mendoza
My smile has undergone a magical transformation in the last three months. I had these dreadful yellowish stains and my smile did not reflect the real me. The worst part was whenever I would meet someone people would stare at my smile. It was very embarrassing. So, I decided to take on a dental chair and go for a professional teeth whitening.
It was at this point I saw a show on CNN, which described the harmful effects of professional teeth whitening. The cost also was a bit on the higher side.
My Magical Choices
As soon as I knew that a professional teeth whitening was detrimental for the enamel of the teeth, I started looking for the alternatives my self. It was then when I discovered these two best products- Ez Bright Smile and Dazzling White Pro.
I discovered that these products are instant and very safe to apply as well. Ez Bright Smile helps you get those dazzling white teeth in just fifteen minutes without causing any harm to the enamel. Whereas the Dazzling White Pro Gel pen helps you maintain that whitened teeth.
In only two simple steps one can achieve those Dazzling White Teeth.
Step 1 - Ez Bright Smile
This is an amazing teeth whitening stripe. It gives white teeth in just fifteen minutes. It has natural peroxide compounds which do not cause any harm to the tooth enamel.
Step 2 - Dazzling White Pro
It is the best whitening gel. It creates a protective shield on the teeth that prevents any further stain from reoccurring. The best part is that the formulation is in accordance with the FDA standards.
I also did a market research on the products and found out that the manufacturers of these products are offering free trials for one month for each of the products.
You Should Check Out My Teeth Whitening Success Story @ http://www.JanetTeethWhitening.com
My smile has undergone a magical transformation in the last three months. I had these dreadful yellowish stains and my smile did not reflect the real me. The worst part was whenever I would meet someone people would stare at my smile. It was very embarrassing. So, I decided to take on a dental chair and go for a professional teeth whitening.
It was at this point I saw a show on CNN, which described the harmful effects of professional teeth whitening. The cost also was a bit on the higher side.
My Magical Choices
As soon as I knew that a professional teeth whitening was detrimental for the enamel of the teeth, I started looking for the alternatives my self. It was then when I discovered these two best products- Ez Bright Smile and Dazzling White Pro.
I discovered that these products are instant and very safe to apply as well. Ez Bright Smile helps you get those dazzling white teeth in just fifteen minutes without causing any harm to the enamel. Whereas the Dazzling White Pro Gel pen helps you maintain that whitened teeth.
In only two simple steps one can achieve those Dazzling White Teeth.
Step 1 - Ez Bright Smile
This is an amazing teeth whitening stripe. It gives white teeth in just fifteen minutes. It has natural peroxide compounds which do not cause any harm to the tooth enamel.
Step 2 - Dazzling White Pro
It is the best whitening gel. It creates a protective shield on the teeth that prevents any further stain from reoccurring. The best part is that the formulation is in accordance with the FDA standards.
I also did a market research on the products and found out that the manufacturers of these products are offering free trials for one month for each of the products.
You Should Check Out My Teeth Whitening Success Story @ http://www.JanetTeethWhitening.com
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